TREATING EATING DISORDERS THROUGH A PSYCHODYNAMIC LENS AS A DIETITIAN

A hand from above and a hand from below reach for each other against a blue sky with clouds

I practice “nutrition therapy” a term that can leave a lot to the imagination without a more thorough explanation of the work I do with clients. I am trained and licensed Registered Dietitian Nutritionist for 18 years, having gone through all the required schooling, internships, exams, and continuing education to qualify as such.

Like most professions, this title affords me a specific scope of practice that includes providing nutrition monitoring based on labs and vitals, and nutrition recommendations based on the most current, peer-reviewed research, and based on the disease state of my clients. Nutrition recommendations may include caloric-intake, specific types and categories of foods, meal- and snack-ideas, and grocery shopping strategies, among others.

But when it comes to treating eating disorders, nutrition therapy extends beyond basic day-to-day needs and encompasses complex psychological underpinnings that often require more than traditional nutrition advice. To this end, I am also a Certified Eating Disorder Specialist (CEDS) through the International Association of Eating Disorder Professionals (iaedp), having also completed 2500 supervised hours and the required education, case studies, and examinations.

As a CEDS, I have additional knowledge of the medical complications and psychological factors influencing eating disorder clients, and of more tailored treatment approaches. In the later stages of eating disorder recovery, I may introduce Intuitive Eating strategies as a way to tailor feeding needs to each unique individual, guiding clients to attune to their body’s hunger and fullness cues to determine how much and which foods to consume on any given day.

But even beyond these strategies lies the client’s mind, a rich and meaningful realm that informs every food decision, far more powerfully than any strategy or advice I could give. The opportunity then is to help the client explore their own mind, and my role in it, to help them understand and work through resistances to improving their relationship with food and body, and to understand and work through resistances to me assisting in this process.

This is operating all the time in sessions, whether it is directly discussed or even consciously understood. Indeed, my intention in any session is to hear what the client is saying while simultaneously feel what is not being said or voiced. For instance, many clients with eating disorders begin our work together by requesting a meal plan in the very first session, and if I were to grant this request without hesitation or examination, it often sets up a power dynamic that stalls rather than progresses the treatment.

Instead I might start by asking how the client imagines a meal plan would be helpful, who should create this meal plan, how would I know if they didn’t like or agree with the meal plan, what would happen if the meal plan could not be followed. The goal is to allow for any unconscious resistances to be worked through before taking the ultimate action - sometimes actually co-creating a meal plan, but other times a different, more creative strategy and understanding evolves out of the conversation. This is the “psychodynamic” aspect of my work: Relational, resistance-focused, and creatively-minded.

In order to help me understand my clients and my work through this comprehensive lens, I have completed a 2-year Certificate Program through the Center for Modern Psychoanalytic Studies in New York City, and continue to take continuing education classes at this institute and other similar ones, including the Academy of Clinical & Applied Psychoanalysis in Livingston, New Jersey. I also continue my own modern psychoanalytic supervision under a trained analyst, as I have done for the past 18 years.

Modern Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic work can be defined as an opportunity to make (often limiting) unconscious attitudes, beliefs, and patterns conscious so they can be worked through and client goals can be more readily and realistically attained. I hold this understanding in my mind when I work with clients to offer nutrition therapy.

BULLY ON THE BLOCK: MAST CELL ACTIVATION SYNDROME AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EATING DISORDER POPULATION

A microscopic image of a mast cell releasing histamines against  a red background

It’s no secret that immersion in and recovery from an eating disorder typically brings a host of physical discomforts, including gastrointestinal distress, mood shifts, bodily aches, and other ailments. But what is becoming more clear in recent literature is that these conditions are not necessarily driven by the eating disorder alone; in 20-25% of cases, they may also be indicative of an underlying immune condition called Mast Cell Activation Syndrome that afflicts the eating disorder population in numbers larger than the general population.

What is Mast Cell Activation Syndrome?

Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) is a disruption in the normal functioning of the immune system where a type of immune cells, called mast cells, release larger than normal amounts of chemical mediators, or histamines, in response to a variety of external stimuli, including food, stress, and other environmental factors. While the origins of MCAS are still unclear, studies point to underlying genetic mutations that are triggered by a stressful event, like the starvation state of an eating disorder. Because mast cells are located throughout the body, particularly in areas that interface between the internal and external environments, a large number of organ systems can be impacted by MCAS, making it difficult to recognize and diagnose.

What are the Symptoms of MCAS?

Patients who suffer from MCAS may experience symptoms in 2 or more organ systems and may mistake physical symptoms for other conditions. In the gastrointestinal tract, symptoms may include diarrhea, constipation, general abdominal discomfort, GERD, bloating/distension and cramping. Neurologic MCAS symptoms may mimic other conditions and appear as OCD-like thoughts and behaviors, mood swings, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and fatigue. Some people who suffer from MCAS experience more typical allergy-like symptoms including wheezing, rashes, hives, skin flushing/itching, and sinusitis. Other skin conditions like cysts, cystic acne, and edema are also common occurrences. Reactions to heat, altitude, alcohol, artificial dyes/additives and certain environmental allergens like pollen and mold all fit under the MCAS umbrella of symptoms. Reproductive system conditions like unusual menstrual cycles and endometriosis; fibromyalgia-like joint pain; and blood pressure/heart-rate dysregulation are all possible symptoms as well. Indeed, MCAS can and does exist alongside other common conditions like IBS, mood disorders, SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth), POTS (Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome) and others, making diagnosis complex.

How is MCAS Diagnosed?

There are currently two schools of thought for diagnosing MCAS, commonly referred to as Consensus 1 and Consensus 2 criteria. Consensus 1 criteria guidelines are much more stringent and have the potential to miss up to 80% of MCAS cases. This criteria involves a lab test to measure tryptase levels in the blood, but the test must be performed within 4 hours of the onset of a flare, and most labs are not equipped to perform this kind of testing. Consensus 2 criteria includes the presence of symptoms in 2 or more organ systems AND responsiveness to the medication regimen commonly prescribed for MCAS patients. Consensus 2 criteria may also take into account lab tests and relies on the Mast Cell Activation Syndrome Questionnaire to help narrow down the likelihood of its presence.

How is MCAS Treated?

The goal of MCAS treatment is to stabilize the mast cells so they do not release such a large volume of histamine in response to stimuli. Over-the-counter mast cell stabilizers include H1 Blockers (Allegra, Claritin) and H2 Blockers (Pepcid AC, Tagamet), and the antioxidant flavonoid Quercetin. Prescription medications include Sodium Cromolyn, Ketotifin, and Low-Dose Naltrexone. Reduction of exposure to known stimuli is also considered first-line treatment for MCAS.

Special Considerations for the Eating Disorder Population

Working with an eating disorder clinician who has awareness of MCAS can be critical in receiving effective, comprehensive care. Because eating disorders are already restrictive by nature, working with a clinician who helps to find the right balance between limiting known trigger-foods while medications are kicking in and maximizing food/nutrient intake is key in treatment. Because all foods induce a release of histamines, following a low-histamine diet is not typically warranted for patients who suffer from both MCAS and eating disorders. Many patients who suffer from MCAS have seen an overwhelming number of specialists, including endocrinologists, dermatologists, gynecologists, naturopaths, and others who may have missed the overarching MCAS diagnosis and/or may not be well-versed in eating disorder care. At worst, patients may have experienced medical skepticism at the legitimacy of their symptoms. Because MCAS flares often increase in adolescence, the condition can also be the trigger for an eating disorder, and not merely the fallout from one.

Bottom Line

MCAS is a complex illness that can make eating disorder care and treatment even more nuanced. Working with a clinician who has a working knowledge and understanding of both conditions can mean the difference between timely, effective, safe care and more prolonged suffering/poorer outcomes. Contact Amy to learn more about how she can assist in evaluating and treating both diagnosed and suspected MCAS in conjunction with eating disorder treatment.